Springs | Castalia Spring | Artesian Wells | Hot Springs | Geysers | Effect of Solution | Sink Holes | Caverns | Mammoth Cave Series | Horse Cave, Kentucky | Natural Bridges | Cavern Cycle | Cavern Deposits | Mammoth Cave Deposits | Spring Deposits
SPRINGS |
|
| 103.-.1 | Diagram of local section showing cause of surface springs. |
CASTALIA SPRING |
|
| 103.B.1 | The original Castalia Spring. Water eddies from a deep hole, left center foreground. Flow much reduced in recent years. Castalia, Ohio. |
| 103.B.2 | Large shallow sink hole in limestone upland one mile south of Castalia spring and about 50 to 100 feet higher. |
| 103.B.3 | Blue Hole, Castalia. Right hand stream is part of flow, left hand from Blue Hole and from Castalia Spring. |
| 103.B.4 | Stream from Blue Hole and Castalia. Lacks channel banks because of uniform flow and up-building by vegetation and marl under uniform flow conditions. Trout fishing in cold, uniform temperature. |
| 103.B.5 | Part of flow from Castalia Spring. Channel adapted to uniform flow. Castalia, Ohio. |
| 103.B.6 | Peat and marl brought in from the great fan formed by deposits under uniform flow of Castalia Spring. Castalia, Ohio. |
| 103.B.7 | The Blue Hole, Castalia. |
ARTESIAN WELLS |
|
| 105.-.1 | Artesian well, Rocky Ford, Colorado. |
| 105.-.2 | Section showing artesian conditions, astern Colorado. (After Darton). |
| 105.-.3 | Diagrams of artesian wells conditions, after Chamberlin. |
| 105.-.4 | Map showing decline in artesian head. Explanation on slide. |
HOT SPRINGS |
|
| 111.-.1 | Hot springs region, New Zealand. |
| 111.-.2 | Mammoth Upper Spring and Bunsen’s Peak, Yellowstone Park, Wyoming. |
GEYSERS |
|
| 113.-.1 | Monarch Geyser, Yellowstone Park, Wyo. |
| 113.-.2 | Rustic Geyser in eruption, Middle Geyser Basin, Yellowstone Park. |
| 113.-.3 | Castle Geyser in action, Yellowstone Park. |
| 113.-.4 | Crater of Giant Geyser, Yellowstone Park, Wyo. |
| 113.-.5 | Orange Geyser, Yellowstone Park, Wyo. |
| 113.-.6 | Crater of Castle Geyser, Yellowstone Park, Wyo. |
| 113.-.7 | Crater of Grotto Geyser, Yellowstone Park. |
| 113.-.8 | Crater of Giant Geyser and Hot Spring bowl, Yellowstone Park. |
EFFECT OF SOLUTION |
|
| 115.-.1 | Joints widened by solution. Loweville limestone, near Watertown, N.Y. |
| 115.-.2 | Joints widened by solution now turf filled. Loweville limestone, near Watertown, New York. |
| 115.-.3 | Joints widened by solution, Loweville limestone near Watertown, N.Y. |
| 115.-.4 | Weathering in limestone, solution along joints. Locality unknown. |
| 115.-.5 | Bluff caverns in Edwards limestone, Rio Grande Tex. 18th Ann. Report. |
| 115.-.6 | Bluff caverns in Edwards limestone, Rio Grande Tex. (interior view) 18th Annual Report, Part 3. |
SINK HOLES |
|
| 117.-.1 | High Plains sink hole, probably in Red Beds. The Salt Well, Meade, Kas. |
| 117.-.2 | Sink hole in Minnekahta limestone, near Cambria, Wyo. |
| 117.-.3 | Entrance to a sink hole, Padirac, France. |
| 117.-.4 | Stream going underground in limestone, Bottomless Pit, Arizona. |
| 117.-.5 | Opposite side of limestone fissure, Bottomless Pit, Arizona. |
CAVERNS |
|
| 119.-.1 | Interior of Howe’s Cave, in Helderberg limestone, Schoharie County, N.Y. |
| 119.-.2 | Carlsbad cave, Carlsbad, S.E. corner, N. Mex. In limestone 1300 feet thick dipping at a good angle. Cave has been followed to over 2000 feet below the surface. |
MAMMOTH CAVE SERIES |
|
| 119.B.1 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Gebneral character of topography of region. |
| 119.B.2 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Gebneral character of topography and generalized section of the caves, showing caveways, pits and domes, tumble-downs forming rock cities and sink holes, and “rivers” at level of Green River. |
| 119.B.3 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, Natural Entrance. Smoke from cave lights rising. |
| 119.B.4 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. The old natural entrance from without. |
| 119.B.5 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. The old, natural entrance from within. A caveway cut across by a small stream valley and subsequently partially choked up by debris. |
| 119.B.6 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Old Entrance. The Star Chamber, main cave way, 2nd level. Roof ad walls grimy with smoke. (manganese according to guides) This is forced off in spots, probably by gypsum crystals, exposing the white ceilings. |
| 119.B.7 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Old Entrance. Martha Washington statue. Main cave way, 2nd level. Effect of lights approaching from around a bend in the cave way. |
| 119.B.8 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Old Entrance. Vats in which cave earth was leached to obtain salt peter, KNO3, for making gun powder, 1812. Heaps of leached earth in background. |
| 119.B.9 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Old Entrance. Sections of original wooden pipe in position as they were used in securing salt peter; one line brings fresh water in, the other line carries water, loaded with salt peter, out. |
| 119.B.10 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Old Entrance. Mammoth Dome. The flutings are due to solution. |
| 119.B.11 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Old Entrance. The Bottomless Pit. |
| 119.B.12 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Old Entrance. The Head of Echo River. |
| 119.B.13 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Old Entrance. Echo River. |
| 119.B.14 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Old Entrance. Upper end of the Corkscrew. The Corkscrew (behind the big blocks that make the picture) is a torturous passage through the loose rocks of a great tumbledown which extends from the 2nd level down to the 4th level. |
| 119.B.15 | Mammoth Cav. Map by H.C. Hovey. Very inaccurate, but the most complete. |
| 119.B.16 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Old exit of Echo River, at level of Green River, some 225 ft. below the entrance, the lowest level in the cave. Wholly choked by mud and never known open. See also 119.B.17. |
| 119.B.17 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Old exit of Echo River, shown in 119.B.35, choked with mud. The lowest level in the cave. At times of high water in the Cave, it flows, a heavy stream, from the opening 35 to 50 ft. above this at the two trees, the 4th level of the caves. |
| 119.B.18 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Green River. At left, the mouth of the channel which carries extra high storm waters from the cave rivers from outlets shown in 119.B.16 & 119.B.17. |
| 119.B.19 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. S. across Houchins valley to the ridge which houses Mammoth Cave. Colossal and other caves are in ridgee from which view is taken. Entrance to Colassal is in left distance but not in sight. |
| 119.B.20 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. N. across old valley floor at 780 A.T. now trenched by Green River beyond the forest patches to a depth of 340 ft. The caves are in the vertical interval. Great Onyx Cave is in distant right. |
| 119.B.21 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. A slightly younger old valley floor than that shown in 119.B.20, at 700 ft. corresponding closely to the 1st or highest of the cave levels. Near Cedar Sink. |
| 119.B.22 | Mammoth cave, New Entrance, Ky. Sink Hole from which the “New Entrance” was artificially made, to left of view. Chester sandstones, which overlie the limestones, at top. |
| 119.B.23 | Mammoth Cave, Ky., New Entrance. Narrow passage from roosevelt dome into Solomon’s Temple, also a dome. Typical flutings of a dome. Heights of dome 167 ft., of which only a part of lower 3rd is shown. Its bottom is 40 ft., below the bridge in foreground. |
| 119.B.24 | Mammoth Cave, Ky., New Entrance. “Grand Central” one of the main cave ways of Mammoth Cave, 2nd level. Wires at lower right in very small passage, artificially enlarged, from Solomon’s Temple, route by which “New Entrance” finally broke into the cave. |
| 119.B.25 | Mammoth Cave, Ky., New Entrance. Main Cave-way, 2nd level. The forks of the cave near Alice’s Grotto. |
| 119.B.26 | Mammoth Cave, Ky., New Entrance. The Cliff Walk. This cave-way is broken down from 1st level (ceiling and path) across 2nd to 3rd level 85 feet. |
| 119.B.27 | Mammoth Cave, Ky., New Entrance. The Hippodrome, under N.E. hotel. Broken blcks of a tumble-down which extends from 1st to 3rd level, 85 ft. high. |
| 119.B.28 | Mammoth Cave, Ky., New Entrance. Two separate channel ways at 3rd level which have broken into each other without destroying their character. Robertson Ave., on right, Nickerson Ave., on left. |
| 119.B.29 | Mammoth Cave, Ky., New Entrance. Becky’s Alley on 4th level. A deep, narrow, crack-like passage of several hundred yards. this leads into Hovey’s or Cathedral Domes. By crawling up to a dark hole in the upper part of the Alley, Carl Robertson of Cleveland discovered Robertson Ave. |
| 119.B.30 | Mammoth Cave, Ky., New Entrance. Hovey’s cathedral, or Cathedral Domes, one of 5 shown. The finest dome in Mammoth Cave. View shows the 5th or largest, at best 160 ft. high by captive balloon, possibly 200 ft.; 30 to 40 ft. wide. |
| 119.B.31 | Mammoth Cave, Ky., New Entrance. Hovey’s Cathedral or Cathedral Domes, the first of 5. Show typical dome flutings. Below and to the left of man is Hawkin’s Way, to Einbigler’s Dome. |
| 119.B.32 | Mammoth Cave, Ky., New Entrance. Fairy Fountain. 330 ft. underground, water flows from 2nd level to 3rd level, here shown, then on a floor a short distance and then 30 ft, downward to 3rd level. Not traced farther. |
| 119.B.33 | Colossal Cave, near Mammoth Cave, Ky., Artificial entrance under shed. |
| 119.B.34 | Colossal Cave, near Mammoth Cave, Ky., Entrance artificial. |
| 119.B.35 | Great Onyx Cave, near Mammoth Cave, Ky. First artificial entrance, said to have been discovered by the upright blocks between the boys. |
| 119.B.36 | Great Onyx Cave, near Mammoth Cave, Ky., second trial to make a usable entrance by pit on left failed. (artificial) final entrance in rear. |
| 119.B.37 | Great Crystal Cave, near Mammoth Cave, Ky., Artificial entrance from nearly same station as 119.B.38. |
| 119.B.38 | Great Crystal Cave, near Mammoth Cave, Ky. View overlooking the Green River Trench, from the Cave entrance. Sink hole on the right. |
| 119.B.39 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Looking down one of heads of Eden Valley on S.W. side of Mammoth cave, ridge showing a succession of sinks. Taken from one of the artificial entrances to the Cave. No. 119.B.36 is just beyond the first sink. |
| 119.B.40 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Sink in one of the heads of Eden Valley, shown in figure 119.B.35. |
| 119.B.41 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. . Cedar Sink. A collapsed cavern 4 miles S.W. of Mammoth Cave. View is from low point in the rim, only one way where a horse can be taken down. Corn is lifted out on a hoist. |
| 119.B.42 | Mammoth Cave Ky., Cedar Sink. Method by which water is hoisted from the spring 100 ft. below. |
| 119.B.43 | Mammoth Cave, Ky., Monroe Sink. 6 mi. S.E. of entrance to Mammoth Cave. The lowest point in the rim is higher than the camera station. half of the sink is shown, an enclosed valley. Probably a sub-aerially developed valley which always had a subterranean outlet. |
| 119.B.44 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. A small sink hole (everything in the view) with a funnel in the center. 6 mi. S.W. of Mammoth Cave. |
| 119.B.45 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. A great shallow sink, lowest point and lowest point of rim both shown in distance. A subaerially developed depression but with subterranean outlet. 8 mi. S.E of Mammoth Cave. entrance. |
HORSE CAVE, KENTUCKY |
|
| 119.C.1 | Horse Cave, Horse Cave, Kentucky. (now renamed Hidden River Cave.). Side of great sink hole, a collapsed part of the cave, which affords entrance. no. 119.C.2 is to the left and lower. |
| 119.C.2 | Horse Cave, Horse Cave, Kentucky. Entrance, a collapsed portion of cave, walled in by boards and tar paper to prevent rising fogs. The door at foot of steps is perhaps 1/3 of descent to the level of the cave. The stream in the cave supplies the town with water by the vertical pipe. |
| 119.C.3 | Horse Cave, Horse Cave, Kentucky. The river in the cave dammed up for water supply to the town of Morse Cave. |
NATURAL BRIDGES |
|
| 121.-.1 | Natural Bridge, Virginia. |
| 121.-.2 | Natural Bridge, Virginia. |
| 121.-.3 | Natural Bridge, Virginia. |
| 121.-.4 | “Gateway”, Natural Bridge in Jurassic limestone, Mont Rellier de Vieux, southeastern France. |
CAVERN CYCLE |
|
| 123.-.1 | Roof of small underground stream, cave in of Loweville limestone, near Watertown, New York. |
| 123.-.2 | Sink in lower Helderberg limestone, west of Coxsackie, Greene County, N.Y. Bull., 19, N.Y. State Museum. |
| 123.-.3 | Cultivated alluvium on floor of sink. Karst topography, Cevo, Montenegro. |
| 123.-.4 | Diagram of Karst topography, east of Adriatic. |
| 123.-.5 | Diagram. Cavern turned into a gorge. Karst topography, Serbia. |
| 123.-.6 | Four main stages in evolution of Karst topography. East of Adriatic. |
CAVERN DEPOSITS |
|
| 125.-.1 | Stalactites in Congo Cave, Transvaal. |
| 125.-.2 | Stalactites and stalagmites, Cavern of Luray, Virginia. |
| 125.-.3 | Deposits of CaCO3 in arches of a concrete West 25th St. bridge, result of water movement in porous concrete during 8 years. Bridge built, 1914. Photo. 1922. Cleveland, Ohio. |
MAMMOTH CAVE DEPOSITS |
|
| 125.B.1 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Stalactites in process of growth, showing drops of water. Helictites growth on stalactites, also showing water drops. |
| 125.B.2 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. New Entrance. Stalactites. |
| 125.B.3 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Great Onyx Cave. Stalactites and column. |
| 125.B.4 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Diamond Cavern. Stalactitic mass and stalagmites. |
| 125.B.5 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Diamond Cavern. Stalactitic curtain. “Breakfast Bacon” of guides. |
| 125.B.6 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. New Entrance. Stalactite curtains. |
| 125.B.7 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. New Entrance. Stalactitic curtains and columns. |
| 125.B.8 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Great Onyx Cave. Stalactites, stalagmites and columns. |
| 125.B.9 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. New Entrance. Stalactitic curtains and columns. |
| 125.B.10 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. New Entrance. Stalactites and columns, stalagmite, covering all walls and floor. |
| 125.B.11 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. New Entrance. Stalactites and columns. |
| 125.B.12 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Great Onyx Cave. Stalactites, stalagmites and columns. |
| 125.B.13 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Great Onyx Cave. Stalactites, stalagmites and columns. |
| 125.B.14 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. New Entrance. Stalactites, stalagmites and columns. |
| 125.B.15 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. New Entrance. Stalactites on wall of dome behind Frozen Niagara, partially covering and hiding the typical dome fluting. |
| 125.B.16 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. New Entrance. Stalactite-filled room behind the curtain of the Frozen Niagara. |
| 125.B.17 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. New Entrance. The Frozen Niagara. Stalactites. Passing under the curtain of the Niagara a room is reached similar to one here shown. |
| 125.B.18 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Old Entrance. Violet City, end of a very long passage at 3rd level, in a tumble-down, which has admitted surface water with development of stalactites each with its own musical note. |
| 125.B.19 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Great Onyx Cave. Gypsum coating on wall showing bursting and exfoliation of coat in places by rapid growth and exposure of bare circular blotches which spread by further rapid growth and exfoliation at margin of blotch. Gypsum flowers on ceiling. |
| 125.B.20 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Great Crystal Cave. Gypsum Flowers on ceiling. |
| 125.B.21 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. New Entrance. Gypsum Flowers, close up. |
| 125.B.22 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Great Crystal Cave. Gypsum flowers on ceiling. |
| 125.B.23 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Great Crystal Cave. Gypsum flowers on ceiling. |
| 125.B.24 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Great Crystal Cave. Gypsum flowers on ceiling. |
| 125.B.25 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. New Entrance. Gypsum flowers of the “Flowery Ceiling” of Robertson Ave. The Tiger Lily at left center. |
| 125.B.26 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. New Entrance. The Tiger Lily. The “finest” gypsum flower known in Mammoth Cave Region. |
| 125.B.27 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. New Entrance. Gypsum flowers, Ruth’s Dome. |
| 125.B.28 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. New Entrance. Mammoth Gypsum walls on left, tumble-down on right, 1st to 3rd levels. |
| 125.B.29 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. New Entrance. Helictites. |
| 125.B.30 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, Great Crystal Cave. Helictites. |
| 125.B.31 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, Great Crystal Cave. Helictites. |
| 125.B.32 | Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, Great Crystal Cave. Helictites. |
SPRING DEPOSITS |
|
| 126.-.1 | Travertine deposit from lime-iron spring flowing from base of Berea Grit. Gates Mill, Ohio. |
| 126.-.2 | Detail of Travertine mass shown in 126.-.1. Growing stringers of moss covered with gray coating of CaCO3. At bottom, growing moss tips projecting from CaCO3 encasement. Gate’s Mill, Ohio. |
